Why do cows in the same herd differ in their ability to convert available feed into productive output? This article explores the genetic and physiological differences that influence how breeding cows use nutrients for maintenance, body condition, milk production and reproduction. It describes four cow types based on changes in body condition and the weight of calves weaned, showing why visual assessment alone cannot identify the most efficient breeding animals. The author argues for combining knowledge of adaptation and functional efficiency with performance recording and BLUP breeding values to select cows that remain productive under their specific environmental and production conditions.
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